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  • France Strikes White Hydrogen Gold

    France has recently unveiled a significant deposit of natural hydrogen, often referred to as “white hydrogen,” in the Lorraine region. With all the recent struggles of green hydrogen, white hydrogen feels like a dream scenario that could boost world-wide adoption of hydrogen in all applications including shipping. In my view the potential is so great, it should become a European moonshot approach: get white hydrogen out of the ground at industrial scale by 2035.

    Understanding White Hydrogen

    White hydrogen is naturally occurring molecular hydrogen found in the Earth’s crust, formed through various geological processes. Unlike green hydrogen, which is produced via electrolysis using renewable energy, or gray hydrogen, derived from natural gas, white hydrogen is extracted directly from underground deposits. This direct extraction can lead to lower production costs and reduced environmental impact.

    Details of the French Discovery

    In the Lorraine region, researchers have identified a substantial reservoir of natural hydrogen. Estimates suggest this deposit could contain up to 250 million tonnes of hydrogen, sufficient to meet current global demand for over two years. This finding not only underscores France’s potential in the clean energy sector but also highlights the country’s commitment to innovative energy solutions.

    Cost Implications of White Hydrogen Production

    One of the most compelling aspects of white hydrogen is its cost-effectiveness. Current extraction costs range between $0.50 to $1 per kilogram, depending on factors like deposit depth and purity. This positions white hydrogen as a competitive alternative to both gray and green hydrogen:

    • Gray Hydrogen: Produced from natural gas, its costs have risen due to fluctuating gas prices, now averaging around €6 per kilogram.
    • Green Hydrogen: Produced via electrolysis using renewable energy, it remains relatively expensive, with costs ranging from $6 to $12 per kilogram.

    Implications for the Future

    The discovery of white hydrogen in France could significantly influence the global energy market by providing a more affordable and cleaner energy source. If harnessed effectively, it has the potential to reduce reliance on fossil fuels, decrease greenhouse gas emissions, and accelerate the transition to a sustainable energy future.

    France’s search for white hydrogen is not an isolated occurrence, as the map below shows. More details available here.

    Source: Wood Mackenzie

    In conclusion, France’s recent discovery of white hydrogen not only highlights the country’s potential in the renewable energy sector but also offers a glimpse into a future where clean, cost-effective energy is accessible on a global scale.

  • China’s Green Hydrogen Leap

    As a maritime enthusiast for hydrogen in shipping, I have lately been disappointed about news related to hydrogen production. lately. China’s recent green hydrogen leap in production, as highlighted by Rystad Energy, are not just national milestones—they have profound implications for the global maritime industry as green hydrogen is required to transition. So next to hydrogen ships, China is also developing here rapidly.

    China’s Accelerated Green Hydrogen Production

    China is set to surpass its 2025 green hydrogen production target by the end of this year, achieving an annual output of 220,000 tonnes. This rapid advancement is primarily driven by significant investments in electrolyzer capacity and the development of extensive hydrogen infrastructure. Below graph indicates that plans to ramp up production.

    China's renewable hydrogen production capacity between 2020 and 2030
    Source: Rystad Energy

    Relevance to the Maritime Industry

    For the shipping sector transitioning to cleaner fuels is imperative, and green hydrogen emerges as a promising solution. In fact it is the basis for other fuels like green ammonia and methanol. Hydrogen can be directly used in fuel cells to power vessels with zero emissions, producing only water as a byproduct. This technology is especially viable for short-sea shipping and port operations, where refueling infrastructure can be more readily established.

    China’s Role in Maritime Decarbonization

    China’s leadership in green hydrogen production can significantly influence the maritime industry’s decarbonization efforts. Increased hydrogen availability can reduce costs and encourage the adoption of hydrogen-powered vessels. Moreover, China’s development of hydrogen pipelines, such as the 400-kilometer project by Sinopec, facilitates efficient distribution, potentially supporting maritime refueling stations.

    Challenges and the Path Forward

    While the prospects are promising, challenges persist. Hydrogen’s low energy density requires larger storage solutions, impacting vessel design. Additionally, establishing a comprehensive refueling infrastructure is crucial for widespread adoption. Collaborative efforts between energy producers, maritime stakeholders, and policymakers are essential to address these hurdles and promote standardization.

  • Can Maritime Hydrogen Overcome the Headwinds?

    When the Institute for Energy Econonomics and Financial Analysis writes a report about maritime hydrogen it is worth a read-through. Even tough they are somewhat underestimating hydrogen itself as fuel. Here is a summary. Find the full report here.

    The shipping industry is at a crossroads. It is responsible for over 700 million metric tons of CO₂ emissions every year, making it one of the world’s biggest polluters. With the International Maritime Organization (IMO) targeting net-zero emissions by 2050, the pressure is on to find cleaner alternatives to fossil fuels.

    Hydrogen-based fuels—hydrogen, ammonia, and methanol—are often discussed as solutions. But are they really viable? A recent report from IEEFA highlights the potential, challenges, and risks of these fuels. The key takeaway? Hydrogen won’t save shipping overnight.

    Hydrogen: Clean, But Costly and Complex

    Hydrogen offers a zero-carbon combustion process. In theory, it could power ships without emitting CO₂. But in practice, it faces major barriers.

    • Storage challenges: Hydrogen has low energy density, meaning ships need large storage tanks or frequent refueling.
    • Infrastructure gaps: Ports lack the bunkering and supply chains to support large-scale hydrogen use.
    • High costs: Green hydrogen costs between $4.50–$12/kg, while fossil-based hydrogen is much cheaper at $0.98–$2.93/kg.
    • Safety risks: Hydrogen is highly flammable and requires extreme pressure or cryogenic storage.

    For now, hydrogen is only viable for short-sea shipping or as a hybrid solution for auxiliary power.

    Ammonia: A Promising But Risky Alternative

    Ammonia is emerging as a potential maritime fuel, offering better storage and transport capabilities than hydrogen. However, it comes with serious downsides:

    • Highly toxic: Ammonia spills could be dangerous for marine life and crews.
    • Pollution risks: Without proper emission controls, ammonia combustion releases NOx and nitrous oxide (N₂O), a potent greenhouse gas.
    • Lower energy density: Ships using ammonia would need larger storage tanks or frequent refueling stops.

    Despite these challenges, engine prototypes for ammonia-powered ships are in development, and some companies are exploring its potential.

    Methanol: The Front-Runner for Now

    Methanol is currently the most practical option for green shipping. It is:

    ✔ Easier to store and transport than hydrogen or ammonia.
    ✔ Compatible with existing port infrastructure—120+ ports already handle methanol.
    ✔ Gaining traction—more than 200 new methanol-powered ships are on order.

    The downside? Feedstock constraints. Green methanol relies on renewable hydrogen and captured CO₂, which are not yet widely available.

    The Infrastructure & Cost Problem

    None of these fuels can succeed without major investments in infrastructure. Hydrogen and ammonia require new bunkering systems, specialized storage, and refueling networks. Even methanol, the most developed, needs expanded supply chains to meet demand.

    Additionally, green hydrogen is too expensive to compete with fossil fuels. Until costs drop, adoption will be slow. Government incentives and private investment are crucial to making these fuels viable.

    Regulations & Corporate Action

    • IMO Targets: The IMO aims for 30% CO₂ cuts by 2030, 80% by 2040, and net-zero by 2050. However, these are not yet legally binding.
    • EU Policies: The FuelEU Maritime Regulation enforces 80% lower greenhouse gas intensity by 2050.
    • Industry Commitment: Companies like Maersk, Amazon, and Unilever have pledged to use only zero-carbon ocean freight by 2040.

    Conclusion: A Long Road Ahead

    Hydrogen-based fuels are not a silver bullet. Methanol leads today, ammonia follows, and hydrogen lags behind. Cost, infrastructure, and safety challenges must be overcome before widespread adoption.

    The shipping industry must act now to avoid a dirty hydrogen lock-in—where fossil-based hydrogen becomes the norm. The future of green shipping will depend on policy, investment, and innovation.

    What do you think? Will hydrogen become the fuel of the future, or will other technologies take the lead? Let me know in the comments. 🚢💨

  • Plug Power Introduces Industry-First Spot Pricing for Green Hydrogen

    In shipping port it is perfectly doable to order a quantity of fossil fuel oil for delivery the next day. Not so for hydrogen: first sign a decade long off-take agreement, then receive your hydrogen at predefined intervals and quantities. And pay if you do not take it. This needs to change to be suitable for a dynamic industry like shipping. Therefore Plug Power’s new initiative is worth the attention, even though not applicable to shipping (yet).

    The hydrogen sector just took a significant step forward with Plug Power’s announcement of the industry’s first spot pricing for green hydrogen. This move aims to bring a new level of transparency and flexibility to the market, addressing the demand for more dynamic and accessible hydrogen pricing.

    What Is Spot Pricing?

    Spot pricing allows buyers to purchase green hydrogen at current market rates instead of relying solely on long-term contracts. This model mirrors traditional commodity markets, such as natural gas and electricity, where prices fluctuate based on supply and demand. For industries transitioning to hydrogen, this innovation provides an opportunity to optimize costs and procurement strategies.

    Why This Matters

    For years, green hydrogen has faced challenges related to high production costs and market uncertainty. By introducing spot pricing, Plug Power is making hydrogen procurement more accessible and predictable. This shift is expected to encourage wider adoption, particularly for industries that require flexible purchasing options, such as transport, logistics, and manufacturing.

    From a broader perspective, spot pricing could also help stabilize hydrogen markets by allowing more buyers to enter without the long-term financial commitment typically associated with fixed-price contracts. This could accelerate the hydrogen economy’s growth, ensuring a more competitive landscape for renewable energy.

    Potential Impacts on the Hydrogen Market

    1. Increased Market Liquidity – By offering spot prices, Plug Power could attract new buyers who were previously hesitant to commit to long-term contracts.
    2. Price Discovery and Transparency – A more open pricing model enables businesses to better assess the true cost of hydrogen, potentially driving down prices as competition increases.
    3. Encouragement for Production Growth – If demand increases due to more flexible pricing, hydrogen producers may be incentivized to expand their capacity, leading to greater availability and lower costs over time.
    4. Facilitating the Energy Transition – Many industries looking to decarbonize will benefit from easier access to green hydrogen, making it a more viable alternative to fossil fuels.

    Challenges and Considerations

    Despite the potential benefits, the transition to a spot pricing model does come with risks. Hydrogen production and delivery still depend on infrastructure that is in its early stages of development. Market fluctuations may also introduce volatility, which some buyers might see as a disadvantage compared to fixed contracts.

    Additionally, for spot pricing to succeed, there must be sufficient supply and a competitive market environment. If hydrogen production remains constrained, spot pricing could lead to price spikes rather than stability.

    Final Thoughts

    Plug Power’s introduction of spot pricing for green hydrogen is a bold step toward creating a more flexible and transparent hydrogen economy. While challenges remain, this model has the potential to unlock new opportunities for buyers and producers alike. If successful, it could pave the way for broader hydrogen adoption and a more competitive clean energy landscape. And it is definitely something we wish we can have in shipping too.

  • Ricardo’s Hydrogen Fuel Cell Module Hits 393 kW – Why This Matters

    Ricardo recently achieved a high net power output of 393 kW. This is substantially higher then TECO 2030’s fuel cell and almost double that of Powercell’s largest unit. This matters, because we need an increase in power density to power larger ships with hydrogen.

    Ricardo has successfully achieved a net power output of 393 kW with its hydrogen fuel cell module, marking a major milestone in clean energy technology. This high power capacity is crucial because it enables fuel cells to replace conventional diesel engines in demanding applications such as heavy-duty transport, marine vessels, and industrial power generation.

    Source: Ricardo.com

    Why High Capacity Matters

    Hydrogen fuel cells are a promising alternative to fossil fuels, but their adoption depends on meeting the power and reliability standards of existing combustion engines. A 393 kW output means that a set of Ricardo’s fuel cell modules can provide enough power for large-scale applications, including:

    • Heavy-duty trucks and buses – Ensuring long-haul transportation can operate on hydrogen without sacrificing performance.
    • Marine vessels – Many ships require high power output into multi-Megawatts for propulsion and auxiliary systems, making fuel cells a viable solution for emissions reduction.
    • Industrial and backup power – Hydrogen fuel cells with high output can serve as reliable, zero-emission alternatives to diesel generators.

    A Step Toward Decarbonization

    By reaching this performance benchmark, Ricardo demonstrates that hydrogen fuel cells are not just for small-scale applications but can drive major industries toward net-zero emissions. The higher the capacity, the more competitive hydrogen becomes against traditional combustion engines, pushing the world closer to a sustainable energy transition.

    This breakthrough strengthens the case for hydrogen as a key player in heavy transport and industrial power, accelerating its adoption in sectors that have been difficult to decarbonize. Ricardo’s success marks another step toward a future where clean, high-performance energy solutions become the norm.

  • GreenH Advances Hydrogen Hub for Ships

    Those involved with hydrogen project for shipping know the chicken-and-egg situation: why build hydrogen ships when there is not supply vs in order to build the infrastructure we need guaranteed long term off-take. That is why GreenH’s final investment decision (FID) is such a big deal: finally dedicated hydrogen supply hub for ships will be constructed. While simultaneously solving the problem of bunkering high volumes of compressed hydrogen into a ship. Therefore we can only respect this major green shipping milestone.

    Norwegian company GreenH has secured NOK 1 billion (approximately $89 million) to develop a green hydrogen facility in Bodø. This plant will supply hydrogen the two Torghatten Nord’s ferries on the Vestfjorden route. The FID, announced on January 27, 2025, marks a significant milestone after four years of development.

    Source: GreenH

    Enova grant

    In November 2024, Enova granted NOK 129 million (around $11.5 million) to support the Bodø hydrogen facility. This funding was pivotal in reaching the final investment decision.

    Norwegian hydrogen hub

    The Bodø facility will feature a 20 MW electrolyzer, capable of producing up to 3,100 tons of green hydrogen annually. Operations are slated to begin in 2026, making it the first in Northern Europe to supply pressurized green hydrogen directly to maritime vessels. This initiative aligns with broader efforts to decarbonize maritime transport. For instance, Norwegian shipyard Myklebust Verft is constructing two hydrogen-powered ferries for Torghatten Nord. Upon delivery, these vessels will be the world’s largest hydrogen-powered ships, operating primarily on the green hydrogen produced in Bodø.

    Port infrastructure

    Globally, ports are investing in hydrogen infrastructure to support sustainable shipping. The Port of Seattle is exploring green hydrogen to power port operations and fuel vessels. Similarly, the Hamburg Green Hydrogen Hub plans to start building its electrolysis plant in 2025, aiming to decarbonize the port and surrounding industries. These developments underscore the maritime industry’s commitment to reducing emissions through innovative hydrogen solutions.

  • Energy Observer 2 – Fuel EU Maritime

    In my previous post I explained how the Energy Observer 2 is a new milestone for hydrogen powered vessels. This post analyzes a typical operation for such vessel across European ports in an assumed schedule and evaluates its potential benefits from Fuel EU Maritime.

    Operational Snapshot

    The vessel operates between key European ports on the west coast:

    PortDistance (nautical miles)Port MovesWaiting Time (hours)Maneuvering Time (hours)
    Hamburg40560022
    Antwerp25250022
    Le Havre46340022
    La Rochelle10320022
    Bordeaux99650022
    Total2,2192,2001010
    Overview of EO2 trade route

    Speed, Time, and Energy Calculations

    The vessel operates at a service speed of 12 knots for regular operations. The journey duration and corresponding energy consumption were calculated as follows:

    • Total sailing days: 7.70 (12 knots)
    • Energy consumption during sailing: 554,750 kWh
    • Port energy consumption: 20,000 kWh (port waiting and maneuvering energy combined)

    Based on the following assumed power ratings:

    • Sailing: 3,000 kW
    • Maneuvering: 1,500 kW
    • Port operations: 500 kW

    Hydrogen Fuel Usage and Emissions

    With a typical consumption rate of 60 grams of LH2 per kWh for fuel cells and no further losses assumed, the vessel’s total hydrogen fuel usage per journey is 34.5 tons. Annually, considering regular operations of one round-trip every two weeks, the vessel consumes 897 tons of liquid hydrogen, or 2.5 tons per day.

    Fuel EU Maritime

    The Fuel EU Maritime regulations that came into force this year is meant to enforce the adoption of renewable fuels and to reward early adopters. When we consider the above amount of RFNBO hydrogen in Fuel EU maritime it demonstrates a strong over-compliance compared to requirements in 2029. This can be verified in any free online calculate like provided here. 

    Moreover, this over-compliance can be traded at marketplaces which came into operation this year (for example here and here). If we assume a rate of €320 per ton CO2-eq – half of the penalty rate – this give a value of €2.55 million. Or €2.85 per kilo LH2. Whether this amount itself justifies to cost of sailing on liquid hydrogen is doubtful but at least it reduced the operational cost of doing so.

    A Path Forward

    This analysis showcases the potential effect of Fuel EU maritime on hydrogen-powered ships across European shipping routes. As port infrastructure evolves to support hydrogen refueling, this mode of operation will become increasingly viable.

    The hydrogen shipping revolution is just beginning—charting the way toward a sustainable and efficient future.

    What’s your take on hydrogen-powered shipping? Share your thoughts below!

  • Unlocking Hidden Energy: Gold Hydrogen Beneath Our Feet

    The cost of green hydrogen has not gone down yet they way it should have according to predictions. This is disappointing and a risk to the maritime industry using hydrogen as fuel. However here is positive news for the longer term: golden hydrogen.

    Gold hydrogen

    Hydrogen is not just an energy source for the future; it’s already beneath our feet. The unseen and untapped potential of naturally occurring hydrogen, known as “gold” hydrogen, has come to light. Engineers and geologists have now mapped this hydrogen across the United States.

    A groundbreaking map reveals hydrogen reserves under at least 30 U.S. states. This map is the first of its kind, showcasing regions rich in this valuable resource. Such findings could transform energy production, making it more sustainable and economically viable.

    Source: USGS https://certmapper.cr.usgs.gov/data/apps/hydrogen/

    The map results from new research aimed at understanding subsurface hydrogen presence. Scientists believe that geological processes produce this hydrogen naturally. It leaks to the surface from deep within the Earth over thousands of years.

    Cost effectiveness

    Using this gold hydrogen could redefine renewable energy. Unlike traditional hydrogen production, which is energy-intensive, gold hydrogen is naturally available. It offers a cleaner alternative, potentially reducing reliance on fossil fuels.

    The key advantage is its cost-effectiveness. Tapping into these reserves could be cheaper than producing hydrogen artificially. This natural hydrogen has a lower environmental footprint, contributing to a greener planet.

    Challenges ahead

    Navigating challenges is essential to harness this resource. There needs to be a focus on technology development for efficient extraction. Furthermore, sustainable practices must guard against potential environmental impacts.

    The discovery opens doors for renewed interest in hydrogen as a crucial player in energy strategy. By investing in research and development, the U.S. can lead global efforts in clean energy innovation.

    In summary, gold hydrogen holds promise for the future of sustainable energy. With these new findings, a path to cleaner production and economic opportunity lies ahead. As the demand for alternative energy grows, the significance of such discoveries becomes ever more critical.

  • Hydrogen Pricing in the EU: Challenges and Opportunities

    This post is based on the recent Bloomberg article which highlight hydrogen challenges. The challenges mentioned align with my own experience: delayed project and high pricing present another challenge for ship owners who decided to take the leap and use green hydrogen as fuel. However, with a new round of EU Hydrogen Bank auction, Fuel EU Maritime kicking in, and more hydrogen vessel deliveries 2025 may bring positive changes.

    As the European Union (EU) races towards its ambitious net-zero emissions target, hydrogen is emerging as a cornerstone of its energy transition strategy. However, a closer look at hydrogen pricing reveals both the promise and the challenges of integrating this versatile fuel into Europe’s decarbonization framework.

    Current Hydrogen Pricing Landscape in the EU

    • Green Hydrogen Costs: Today, the production costs of green hydrogen in the EU range from €3.50 to €10 per kilogram, driven by the high expenses associated with renewable energy and electrolyzer technology. Despite these challenges, BloombergNEF (BNEF) predicts that by 2050, advancements in technology and economies of scale will reduce costs to €1.50 to €5 per kilogram.
    • Gray Hydrogen Costs: The EU currently relies heavily on gray hydrogen, which is produced from natural gas without capturing carbon emissions. Gray hydrogen remains cheaper at €1 to €2 per kilogram, but its environmental impact is increasingly penalized by rising carbon taxes under the EU Emissions Trading System (ETS).

    The Role of Policy and Subsidies

    To bridge the cost gap between gray and green hydrogen, the EU has introduced a range of policy measures:

    • European Hydrogen Bank: A funding initiative aimed at scaling hydrogen production and infrastructure.
    • National Hydrogen Strategies: Many member states have outlined clear roadmaps for hydrogen development, focusing on industrial use and transport applications.

    Despite these efforts, regulatory hurdles and delays in funding allocation are slowing the momentum. Streamlining approval processes for renewable energy projects and electrolyzer installations is essential to accelerate progress.

    Overcoming Market Challenges

    The EU hydrogen market faces several key obstacles:

    1. Project Delays: High upfront costs and regulatory complexity have caused delays and cancellations of hydrogen projects across the region.
    2. Demand Uncertainty: While sectors like steelmaking, chemicals, and heavy transport view hydrogen as critical for decarbonization, the lack of stable pricing and economic incentives has dampened immediate demand.
    3. Infrastructure Gaps: Investments in pipelines, storage, and fueling stations remain insufficient to support widespread hydrogen adoption.

    A Path Forward for Green Hydrogen

    Despite these challenges, the long-term prospects for green hydrogen in the EU remain strong. The declining costs of renewable energy, combined with technological innovations in electrolyzers, position the EU to become a global leader in hydrogen production.

    To achieve this, the EU must:

    • Expand its carbon pricing mechanisms to further discourage gray hydrogen use.
    • Provide greater clarity and consistency in funding for hydrogen projects.
    • Strengthen international partnerships to secure raw materials and share technological expertise.

    Conclusion

    The EU’s commitment to hydrogen reflects its broader ambition to lead the world in clean energy innovation. While the road to widespread hydrogen adoption is fraught with challenges, targeted investments and policy support can turn green hydrogen from a costly innovation into a competitive, indispensable fuel for the future.

    By addressing these barriers head-on, the EU has the potential to set a global benchmark for integrating hydrogen into a sustainable energy economy.